Grammar and Translationव्याकरण और अनुवाद (Grammar & Translation)Grammar and Translation

• Reporting verb: 'said to' becomes 'told' (statement), 'asked' (question), 'requested' (please), 'ordered/advised' (command).
• Joining word: statement → 'that'; Wh-question → the same Wh-word (why, what, where); Yes/No question → 'if' or 'whether'; command/request → 'to' (negative: 'not to').
• Pronouns change by person: I/me → he/she/him/her (like the speaker); you → I/he/she/they (like the listener).
• Tense goes one step back when the reporting verb is past: is → was, am/are → was/were, will/shall → would, can → could, has/have → had, did/V2 → had + V3.
• Universal truths and habits do not change tense: 'The sun rises in the east.'
• Time and place words change: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the previous day, here → there, this → that, these → those.
• In a question, the indirect sentence becomes a statement: no question mark, subject before verb ('why he was not paying').
• Remove 'please' after 'requested'.

• रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया: 'said to' बदलकर 'told' (कथन), 'asked' (प्रश्न), 'requested' (please वाला), 'ordered/advised' (आदेश/सलाह) हो जाती है।
• जोड़ने वाला शब्द: कथन → 'that'; Wh-प्रश्न → वही Wh-शब्द (why, what, where); हाँ/ना प्रश्न → 'if' या 'whether'; आदेश/अनुरोध → 'to' (नकारात्मक: 'not to')।
• सर्वनाम पुरुष के अनुसार बदलते हैं: I/me → he/she/him/her (वक्ता के अनुसार); you → I/he/she/they (श्रोता के अनुसार)।
• रिपोर्टिंग क्रिया भूतकाल में हो तो काल एक कदम पीछे जाता है: is → was, am/are → was/were, will/shall → would, can → could, has/have → had, did/V2 → had + V3।
• सार्वभौमिक सत्य और आदतें काल नहीं बदलतीं: 'The sun rises in the east.'
• समय और स्थान के शब्द बदलते हैं: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the previous day, here → there, this → that, these → those।
• प्रश्न अप्रत्यक्ष में साधारण वाक्य बन जाता है: प्रश्नचिह्न नहीं, कर्ता क्रिया से पहले ('why he was not paying')।
• 'requested' के बाद 'please' हटा दें।

• Reporting verb: 'said to' badalkar 'told' (statement), 'asked' (question), 'requested' (please wala), 'ordered/advised' (command) ho jaata hai.
• Joining word: statement → 'that'; Wh-question → wahi Wh-word (why, what, where); Yes/No question → 'if' ya 'whether'; command/request → 'to' (negative: 'not to').
• Pronouns person ke hisaab se badalte hain: I/me → he/she/him/her (speaker jaisa); you → I/he/she/they (listener jaisa).
• Reporting verb past mein ho to tense ek step peeche jaata hai: is → was, am/are → was/were, will/shall → would, can → could, has/have → had, did/V2 → had + V3.
• Universal truth aur habits ka tense nahi badalta: 'The sun rises in the east.'
• Time aur place words badalte hain: now → then, today → that day, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the previous day, here → there, this → that, these → those.
• Question indirect mein simple sentence ban jaata hai: question mark nahi, subject verb se pehle ('why he was not paying').
• 'requested' ke baad 'please' hata dijiye.

💡 Write the full indirect sentence with a full stop. A wrong tense or a left-over question mark loses the mark.पूरा अप्रत्यक्ष वाक्य पूर्ण विराम के साथ लिखें। ग़लत काल या बचा हुआ प्रश्नचिह्न अंक कटवाता है।Poora indirect sentence full stop ke saath likhiye. Galat tense ya bacha hua question mark marks katwata hai.

• Rule: Object becomes the subject → helping verb (by tense) → V3 → 'by' + old subject (in object form).
• Pronoun change: I → me, we → us, he → him, she → her, they → them, you → you.
• Helping verb by tense: simple present is/am/are + V3; present continuous is/are being + V3; present perfect has/have been + V3; simple past was/were + V3; past continuous was/were being + V3; past perfect had been + V3; future will be + V3; modals (can, must, should) + be + V3.
• Negative: put 'not' after the first helping verb: 'The book was not read by the students.'
• Imperative (command): 'Let + object + be + V3'. Negative: 'Let … not be + V3' or 'Let … never be + V3'.
• Some verbs take another preposition: known to, pleased with, surprised at, filled with.
• Wh-question: 'Who wrote it?' → 'By whom was it written?'

• नियम: कर्म (object) कर्ता बनता है → काल के अनुसार सहायक क्रिया → V3 → 'by' + पुराना कर्ता (कर्म रूप में)।
• सर्वनाम बदलाव: I → me, we → us, he → him, she → her, they → them, you → you।
• काल के अनुसार सहायक क्रिया: सामान्य वर्तमान is/am/are + V3; अपूर्ण वर्तमान is/are being + V3; पूर्ण वर्तमान has/have been + V3; सामान्य भूत was/were + V3; अपूर्ण भूत was/were being + V3; पूर्ण भूत had been + V3; भविष्य will be + V3; modals (can, must, should) + be + V3।
• नकारात्मक: पहली सहायक क्रिया के बाद 'not' लगाएँ: 'The book was not read by the students.'
• आज्ञार्थक (आदेश): 'Let + object + be + V3'। नकारात्मक: 'Let … not be + V3' या 'Let … never be + V3'।
• कुछ क्रियाओं के साथ दूसरा preposition आता है: known to, pleased with, surprised at, filled with।
• Wh-प्रश्न: 'Who wrote it?' → 'By whom was it written?'

• Rule: Object subject banta hai → tense ke hisaab se helping verb → V3 → 'by' + purana subject (object form mein).
• Pronoun badlav: I → me, we → us, he → him, she → her, they → them, you → you.
• Tense ke hisaab se helping verb: simple present is/am/are + V3; present continuous is/are being + V3; present perfect has/have been + V3; simple past was/were + V3; past continuous was/were being + V3; past perfect had been + V3; future will be + V3; modals (can, must, should) + be + V3.
• Negative: pehle helping verb ke baad 'not' lagaiye: 'The book was not read by the students.'
• Imperative (command): 'Let + object + be + V3'. Negative: 'Let … not be + V3' ya 'Let … never be + V3'.
• Kuch verbs ke saath doosra preposition aata hai: known to, pleased with, surprised at, filled with.
• Wh-question: 'Who wrote it?' → 'By whom was it written?'

• Capital letter: the first word of a sentence, 'I', names of people, cities, states, rivers, schools, days and months (Mohan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Monday).
• Full stop (.) at the end of a statement or command; also in short forms (M.Sc., Dr., U.P.).
• Question mark (?) at the end of a direct question only.
• Comma (,) after 'said to someone' before the inverted commas, between items in a list, and before a place name like 'Muir College, Allahabad'.
• Inverted commas (" ") around the exact spoken words. The first spoken word starts with a capital letter.
• The full stop or question mark of the spoken words goes INSIDE the closing inverted commas.
• Apostrophe (') for possession and short forms: Ram's book, don't, I'm.

• बड़ा अक्षर: वाक्य का पहला शब्द, 'I', व्यक्तियों, शहरों, राज्यों, नदियों, विद्यालयों, दिनों और महीनों के नाम (Mohan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Monday)।
• पूर्ण विराम (.) कथन या आदेश के अंत में; संक्षिप्त रूपों में भी (M.Sc., Dr., U.P.)।
• प्रश्नचिह्न (?) केवल सीधे प्रश्न के अंत में।
• अल्पविराम (,) 'said to किसी' के बाद उद्धरण चिह्न से पहले, सूची की वस्तुओं के बीच, और 'Muir College, Allahabad' जैसे स्थान-नाम से पहले।
• उद्धरण चिह्न (" ") बोले गए सटीक शब्दों के चारों ओर। बोला गया पहला शब्द बड़े अक्षर से शुरू होता है।
• बोले गए शब्दों का पूर्ण विराम या प्रश्नचिह्न बंद होने वाले उद्धरण चिह्न के अंदर जाता है।
• Apostrophe (') स्वामित्व और संक्षिप्त रूप के लिए: Ram's book, don't, I'm।

• Capital letter: sentence ka pehla word, 'I', logon, shehron, states, nadiyon, schools, dino aur mahino ke naam (Mohan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Monday).
• Full stop (.) statement ya command ke end mein; short forms mein bhi (M.Sc., Dr., U.P.).
• Question mark (?) sirf direct question ke end mein.
• Comma (,) 'said to kisi' ke baad inverted commas se pehle, list ki cheezon ke beech, aur 'Muir College, Allahabad' jaise place name se pehle.
• Inverted commas (" ") bole gaye exact words ke charon taraf. Bola gaya pehla word capital letter se shuru hota hai.
• Bole gaye words ka full stop ya question mark closing inverted commas ke ANDAR jaata hai.
• Apostrophe (') possession aur short forms ke liye: Ram's book, don't, I'm.

• Method: 1) Read the Hindi sentence and find the verb ending (raha hai, tha, ga…). 2) Decide the tense from the table below. 3) Find the subject (karta) and the object. 4) Write: Subject + verb (right tense) + object + place + time.
• Agreement: he/she/it/singular noun → has/is/was/does/goes; I → am; we/you/they/plural → have/are/were/do/go.
• Negative: 'nahin' → not (is not, did not + V1, will not). Question: 'kya' → start with the helping verb (Do/Does/Did/Is/Are…).
• 'Se' with time: a point of time → since (since Monday); a length of time → for (for two hours).
• 'Chahiye' → should / ought to; 'sakta hai' → can; 'yadi … to …' → If …, …
• Names of rivers, oceans and holy books take 'the': the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Gita.
• The 4 sentences usually describe one topic (a city like Prayagraj, the rainy season, India as a developing country, unsafe travel). Translate each sentence separately; do not add your own ideas.
• Tense table (Hindi ending → English):
• Simple Present: ta hai / ti hai / te hain → V1 / V1+s (e.g. He writes.)
• Present Continuous: raha hai / rahi hai / rahe hain → is/am/are + V-ing (e.g. He is writing.)
• Present Perfect: chuka hai / liya hai / diya hai → has/have + V3 (e.g. He has written.)
• Present Perfect Continuous: … se raha hai (time ke saath) → has/have been + V-ing + since/for (e.g. He has been writing for an hour.)
• Simple Past: -a / -i / -e (gaya, likha, khele) → V2 (did + V1 in negative/question) (e.g. He wrote.)
• Past Continuous: raha tha / rahi thi / rahe the → was/were + V-ing (e.g. He was writing.)
• Past Perfect: chuka tha / liya tha → had + V3 (e.g. He had written.)
• Simple Future: ga / gi / ge → will/shall + V1 (e.g. He will write.)

• तरीका: 1) हिन्दी वाक्य पढ़ें और क्रिया का अंत देखें (रहा है, था, गा…)। 2) नीचे की तालिका से काल तय करें। 3) कर्ता और कर्म पहचानें। 4) लिखें: कर्ता + क्रिया (सही काल) + कर्म + स्थान + समय।
• मेल (agreement): he/she/it/एकवचन संज्ञा → has/is/was/does/goes; I → am; we/you/they/बहुवचन → have/are/were/do/go।
• नकारात्मक: 'नहीं' → not (is not, did not + V1, will not)। प्रश्न: 'क्या' → सहायक क्रिया से शुरू करें (Do/Does/Did/Is/Are…)।
• समय के साथ 'से': निश्चित समय → since (since Monday); अवधि → for (for two hours)।
• 'चाहिए' → should / ought to; 'सकता है' → can; 'यदि … तो …' → If …, …
• नदियों, महासागरों और धार्मिक ग्रंथों के नाम के साथ 'the': the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Gita।
• 4 वाक्य प्रायः एक विषय पर होते हैं (प्रयागराज जैसा शहर, वर्षा ऋतु, विकासशील देश भारत, असुरक्षित यात्रा)। हर वाक्य अलग अनुवाद करें; अपने विचार न जोड़ें।
• काल-तालिका (हिन्दी अंत → अंग्रेज़ी):
• Simple Present: ता है / ती है / ते हैं → V1 / V1+s (उदा. He writes.)
• Present Continuous: रहा है / रही है / रहे हैं → is/am/are + V-ing (उदा. He is writing.)
• Present Perfect: चुका है / लिया है / दिया है → has/have + V3 (उदा. He has written.)
• Present Perfect Continuous: … से रहा है (समय के साथ) → has/have been + V-ing + since/for (उदा. He has been writing for an hour.)
• Simple Past: -आ / -ई / -ए (गया, लिखा, खेले) → V2 (did + V1 in negative/question) (उदा. He wrote.)
• Past Continuous: रहा था / रही थी / रहे थे → was/were + V-ing (उदा. He was writing.)
• Past Perfect: चुका था / लिया था → had + V3 (उदा. He had written.)
• Simple Future: गा / गी / गे → will/shall + V1 (उदा. He will write.)

• Tareeka: 1) Hindi sentence padhiye aur verb ka end dekhiye (raha hai, tha, ga…). 2) Neeche ki table se tense decide kijiye. 3) Subject (karta) aur object pehchaniye. 4) Likhiye: Subject + verb (sahi tense) + object + place + time.
• Agreement: he/she/it/singular noun → has/is/was/does/goes; I → am; we/you/they/plural → have/are/were/do/go.
• Negative: 'nahin' → not (is not, did not + V1, will not). Question: 'kya' → helping verb se shuru kijiye (Do/Does/Did/Is/Are…).
• Time ke saath 'se': fixed time → since (since Monday); duration → for (for two hours).
• 'Chahiye' → should / ought to; 'sakta hai' → can; 'yadi … to …' → If …, …
• Nadiyon, oceans aur holy books ke naam ke saath 'the': the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Gita.
• 4 sentences aksar ek topic par hote hain (Prayagraj jaisa shehar, rainy season, developing country India, unsafe travel). Har sentence alag translate kijiye; apne ideas mat jodiye.
• Tense table (Hindi end → English):
• Simple Present: ta hai / ti hai / te hain → V1 / V1+s (jaise He writes.)
• Present Continuous: raha hai / rahi hai / rahe hain → is/am/are + V-ing (jaise He is writing.)
• Present Perfect: chuka hai / liya hai / diya hai → has/have + V3 (jaise He has written.)
• Present Perfect Continuous: … se raha hai (time ke saath) → has/have been + V-ing + since/for (jaise He has been writing for an hour.)
• Simple Past: -a / -i / -e (gaya, likha, khele) → V2 (did + V1 in negative/question) (jaise He wrote.)
• Past Continuous: raha tha / rahi thi / rahe the → was/were + V-ing (jaise He was writing.)
• Past Perfect: chuka tha / liya tha → had + V3 (jaise He had written.)
• Simple Future: ga / gi / ge → will/shall + V1 (jaise He will write.)

💡 First write the subject and the verb correctly; most marks are lost on tense and on he-has / they-have agreement.पहले कर्ता और क्रिया सही लिखें; अधिकतर अंक काल और he-has / they-have के मेल में कटते हैं।Pehle subject aur verb sahi likhiye; zyadatar marks tense aur he-has / they-have agreement mein katte hain.

• Time: at (a clock time: at 6 o'clock), on (a day/date: on Monday, on 20th December), in (month/year/season: in May, in 2025, in winter).
• Place: at (a point: at the gate), in (inside: in the room), on (on a surface: on the table).
• Movement: from one place to another ('jumping from one branch to another'), into (going inside), towards.
• Since (point of time) vs for (length of time): since 2020, for three years.
• Between (two) vs among (more than two).
• Fixed pairs that come in papers: proud of, known to, fond of, afraid of, good at, angry with (a person), angry at (a thing), full of, interested in, married to, die of (a disease).
• By vs with: written by Premchand (doer), cut with a knife (tool).

• समय: at (घड़ी का समय: at 6 o'clock), on (दिन/तिथि: on Monday, on 20th December), in (महीना/वर्ष/ऋतु: in May, in 2025, in winter)।
• स्थान: at (एक बिंदु: at the gate), in (अंदर: in the room), on (सतह पर: on the table)।
• गति: from एक जगह to दूसरी ('jumping from one branch to another'), into (अंदर जाना), towards।
• Since (निश्चित समय) और for (अवधि): since 2020, for three years।
• Between (दो के बीच) और among (दो से अधिक में)।
• पेपरों में आने वाले जोड़े: proud of, known to, fond of, afraid of, good at, angry with (व्यक्ति), angry at (वस्तु), full of, interested in, married to, die of (रोग)।
• By और with: written by Premchand (करने वाला), cut with a knife (औज़ार)।

• Time: at (clock time: at 6 o'clock), on (din/date: on Monday, on 20th December), in (mahina/saal/season: in May, in 2025, in winter).
• Place: at (ek point: at the gate), in (andar: in the room), on (surface par: on the table).
• Movement: from ek jagah to doosri ('jumping from one branch to another'), into (andar jaana), towards.
• Since (fixed time) vs for (duration): since 2020, for three years.
• Between (do ke beech) vs among (do se zyada mein).
• Papers mein aane wale pairs: proud of, known to, fond of, afraid of, good at, angry with (person), angry at (cheez), full of, interested in, married to, die of (bimari).
• By vs with: written by Premchand (karne wala), cut with a knife (tool).

• Basic order: Subject + helping verb + main verb + object + place + time.
• Find the verb first (has been, should, love), then ask 'who?' to get the subject.
• Adjectives come before nouns ('a good lesson'); 'every' and 'some' come before the noun ('every mother', 'some children').
• If there is a question word or the cluster starts with a helping verb, it may be a question: end it with '?'.
• Read your sentence once; it must sound natural.

• मूल क्रम: कर्ता + सहायक क्रिया + मुख्य क्रिया + कर्म + स्थान + समय।
• पहले क्रिया ढूँढें (has been, should, love), फिर 'कौन?' पूछकर कर्ता पाएँ।
• विशेषण संज्ञा से पहले आता है ('a good lesson'); 'every' और 'some' संज्ञा से पहले ('every mother', 'some children')।
• प्रश्नवाचक शब्द हो या समूह सहायक क्रिया से शुरू हो तो यह प्रश्न हो सकता है: अंत में '?' लगाएँ।
• अपना वाक्य एक बार पढ़ें; वह स्वाभाविक लगना चाहिए।

• Basic order: Subject + helping verb + main verb + object + place + time.
• Pehle verb dhoondhiye (has been, should, love), phir 'kaun?' poochhkar subject paaiye.
• Adjective noun se pehle aata hai ('a good lesson'); 'every' aur 'some' noun se pehle ('every mother', 'some children').
• Question word ho ya cluster helping verb se shuru ho to yeh question ho sakta hai: end mein '?' lagaiye.
• Apna sentence ek baar padhiye; woh natural lagna chahiye.

• Rule: 'i before e, except after c': believe, achieve, chief, piece — but receive, deceive, ceiling.
• Words seen in papers with their correct spelling: receive, deceive, believe, achieve, mischief, temporary, military, ordinary, century, demonstration, definition, deficiency, diligence, ascertain, acclaim, assimilate, agreeable, successor, system.
• Double letters to remember: necessary (one c, double s), accommodation (double c, double m), committee, address, success, occasion (double c, one s).
• Method: say the word slowly in parts (tem-po-ra-ry, de-mon-stra-tion); the wrong option usually has one wrong vowel.

• नियम: 'i before e, except after c': believe, achieve, chief, piece — पर receive, deceive, ceiling।
• पेपरों में आए शब्द सही वर्तनी में: receive, deceive, believe, achieve, mischief, temporary, military, ordinary, century, demonstration, definition, deficiency, diligence, ascertain, acclaim, assimilate, agreeable, successor, system।
• दोहरे अक्षर याद रखें: necessary (एक c, दो s), accommodation (दो c, दो m), committee, address, success, occasion (दो c, एक s)।
• तरीका: शब्द को टुकड़ों में धीरे बोलें (tem-po-ra-ry, de-mon-stra-tion); ग़लत विकल्प में प्रायः एक स्वर ग़लत होता है।

• Rule: 'i before e, except after c': believe, achieve, chief, piece — par receive, deceive, ceiling.
• Papers mein aaye words sahi spelling mein: receive, deceive, believe, achieve, mischief, temporary, military, ordinary, century, demonstration, definition, deficiency, diligence, ascertain, acclaim, assimilate, agreeable, successor, system.
• Double letters yaad rakhiye: necessary (ek c, do s), accommodation (do c, do m), committee, address, success, occasion (do c, ek s).
• Tareeka: word ko tukdon mein dheere boliye (tem-po-ra-ry, de-mon-stra-tion); galat option mein aksar ek vowel galat hota hai.

• Habit or daily action → simple present: 'We play in the park in the evenings.'
• Two past actions: the earlier one takes past perfect (had + V3), the later one simple past: 'The train had left before he arrived.' / 'The boys had gone before he entered the class.'
• Future perfect + 'before': 'The Principal will have left before the teachers reach.' (after 'before/when/if' in future time, use the simple present: reach, comes).
• Since/for with an action still going on → present perfect continuous: 'It has been raining since morning.'
• Signal words: always, daily, every day → simple present; now, look!, at present → present continuous; just, already, yet → present perfect; yesterday, ago, last year → simple past; tomorrow, next week → future.

• आदत या रोज़ का काम → सामान्य वर्तमान: 'We play in the park in the evenings.'
• भूतकाल के दो काम: पहले वाला past perfect (had + V3), बाद वाला simple past: 'The train had left before he arrived.' / 'The boys had gone before he entered the class.'
• Future perfect + 'before': 'The Principal will have left before the teachers reach.' (भविष्य में 'before/when/if' के बाद simple present: reach, comes)।
• Since/for के साथ अभी तक चलता काम → present perfect continuous: 'It has been raining since morning.'
• संकेत शब्द: always, daily, every day → सामान्य वर्तमान; now, look!, at present → अपूर्ण वर्तमान; just, already, yet → पूर्ण वर्तमान; yesterday, ago, last year → सामान्य भूत; tomorrow, next week → भविष्य।

• Aadat ya roz ka kaam → simple present: 'We play in the park in the evenings.'
• Past ke do kaam: pehle wala past perfect (had + V3), baad wala simple past: 'The train had left before he arrived.' / 'The boys had gone before he entered the class.'
• Future perfect + 'before': 'The Principal will have left before the teachers reach.' (future mein 'before/when/if' ke baad simple present: reach, comes).
• Since/for ke saath abhi tak chalta kaam → present perfect continuous: 'It has been raining since morning.'
• Signal words: always, daily, every day → simple present; now, look!, at present → present continuous; just, already, yet → present perfect; yesterday, ago, last year → simple past; tomorrow, next week → future.

• Noun = name (money, Ram, honesty); Pronoun = in place of a noun (he, they); Adjective = describes a noun (good, tall); Verb = action/state (run, is); Adverb = describes a verb/adjective (slowly, very); Preposition = relation (in, on, at); Conjunction = joins (and, but, because); Interjection = feeling (Oh!, Alas!).
• Test: the same word can change its part of speech by its job: 'He spent a lot of money' — money is a noun.
• Conjunction pairs: no sooner … than; hardly … when; both … and; either … or; neither … nor; not only … but also; so … that; such … that.
• 'Than' after comparatives (better than, more than) and after 'no sooner'.

• Noun = नाम (money, Ram, honesty); Pronoun = संज्ञा के स्थान पर (he, they); Adjective = संज्ञा की विशेषता (good, tall); Verb = काम/स्थिति (run, is); Adverb = क्रिया/विशेषण की विशेषता (slowly, very); Preposition = सम्बन्ध (in, on, at); Conjunction = जोड़ने वाला (and, but, because); Interjection = भाव (Oh!, Alas!)।
• जाँच: एक ही शब्द अपने काम से शब्द-भेद बदल सकता है: 'He spent a lot of money' — money संज्ञा है।
• योजक जोड़े: no sooner … than; hardly … when; both … and; either … or; neither … nor; not only … but also; so … that; such … that।
• तुलना वाले शब्दों (better than, more than) और 'no sooner' के बाद 'than'।

• Noun = naam (money, Ram, honesty); Pronoun = noun ki jagah (he, they); Adjective = noun ki khoobi (good, tall); Verb = kaam/state (run, is); Adverb = verb/adjective ki khoobi (slowly, very); Preposition = relation (in, on, at); Conjunction = jodne wala (and, but, because); Interjection = feeling (Oh!, Alas!).
• Test: ek hi word apne kaam se part of speech badal sakta hai: 'He spent a lot of money' — money noun hai.
• Conjunction pairs: no sooner … than; hardly … when; both … and; either … or; neither … nor; not only … but also; so … that; such … that.
• Comparatives (better than, more than) aur 'no sooner' ke baad 'than'.