Grammar and Translationव्याकरण और अनुवादGrammar aur Translation

• Asked as MCQ: 'Which sentence is correct?' or 'Which word is an error?' Check these traps one by one: subject–verb agreement, preposition, article, tense with since/for, comparison words.
• 'Each', 'every', 'either', 'neither', 'each of them' take a SINGULAR verb and pronoun (his/its).
• Two subjects joined by 'each … and each …' or 'every … and every …' still take a singular verb.
• since three years ✗ → for three years ✓ (for = period, since = point of time: since 2020, since Monday)
• an union ✗ → a union ✓ (union starts with a 'yu' sound; but an hour, an honest man)
• junior than me ✗ → junior to me ✓ (also senior to, superior to, inferior to, prefer … to)
• bent in doing mischief ✗ → bent on doing mischief ✓
• Each of them got their pay ✗ → Each of them got his pay ✓; Each day and each hour bring their duty ✗ → brings its duty ✓
• I know the boy whom you teach ✓ (whom = object)

• MCQ के रूप में: 'कौन-सा वाक्य शुद्ध है?' या 'कौन-सा शब्द त्रुटिपूर्ण है?' ये जाल क्रम से जाँचिए: कर्ता-क्रिया सामंजस्य, पूर्वसर्ग (preposition), आर्टिकल, since/for के साथ काल, तुलना वाले शब्द।
• 'Each', 'every', 'either', 'neither', 'each of them' के साथ एकवचन क्रिया और सर्वनाम (his/its) आते हैं।
• 'each … and each …' या 'every … and every …' से जुड़े दो कर्ता भी एकवचन क्रिया लेते हैं।
• since three years ✗ → for three years ✓ (for = period, since = point of time: since 2020, since Monday)
• an union ✗ → a union ✓ (union starts with a 'yu' sound; but an hour, an honest man)
• junior than me ✗ → junior to me ✓ (also senior to, superior to, inferior to, prefer … to)
• bent in doing mischief ✗ → bent on doing mischief ✓
• Each of them got their pay ✗ → Each of them got his pay ✓; Each day and each hour bring their duty ✗ → brings its duty ✓
• I know the boy whom you teach ✓ (whom = object)

• MCQ ke roop mein: 'Which sentence is correct?' ya 'Which word is an error?' Ye traps ek-ek karke check kijiye: subject–verb agreement, preposition, article, since/for ke saath tense, comparison words.
• 'Each', 'every', 'either', 'neither', 'each of them' ke saath singular verb aur pronoun (his/its) aata hai.
• 'each … and each …' ya 'every … and every …' se jude do subjects bhi singular verb lete hain.
• since three years ✗ → for three years ✓ (for = period, since = point of time: since 2020, since Monday)
• an union ✗ → a union ✓ (union starts with a 'yu' sound; but an hour, an honest man)
• junior than me ✗ → junior to me ✓ (also senior to, superior to, inferior to, prefer … to)
• bent in doing mischief ✗ → bent on doing mischief ✓
• Each of them got their pay ✗ → Each of them got his pay ✓; Each day and each hour bring their duty ✗ → brings its duty ✓
• I know the boy whom you teach ✓ (whom = object)

💡 Read each option aloud in your head; the wrong one usually 'sounds' wrong at the preposition or the verb.हर विकल्प मन में पढ़िए; ग़लत वाक्य प्रायः पूर्वसर्ग या क्रिया पर 'खटकता' है।Har option mann mein padhiye; galat sentence aksar preposition ya verb par 'khatakta' hai.

• Rule 1 — reporting verb in past (said/said to): change the tense one step back: is→was, am/are→was/were, has/have→had, did/past→had + V3, will/shall→would, can→could, may→might.
• Rule 2 — no tense change when the reporting verb is present/future (says, will say) or the words are a universal truth/habitual fact.
• Rule 3 — pronouns change by person: 1st person → subject of the reporting verb, 2nd → object of the reporting verb, 3rd no change.
• Rule 4 — words of nearness change: now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the previous day, here→there, this→that, ago→before.
• Rule 5 — question: said to → asked; yes/no question → if/whether; wh-question → keep the wh-word; question becomes a statement (no question mark, subject before verb).
• Rule 6 — command/request: said to → ordered/told/requested/advised + object + to + V1; 'Don't' → not to.
• Rule 7 — exclamation (Hurrah! Alas! What a …!): said → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder that …
• The teacher said, "All men are mortal." → The teacher said that all men are mortal. (universal truth, no change)
• He said to me, "Please give me your book for two days." → He requested me to give him my book for two days.

• नियम 1 — कथन क्रिया भूतकाल में (said/said to) हो तो काल एक कदम पीछे: is→was, am/are→was/were, has/have→had, did/भूत→had + V3, will/shall→would, can→could, may→might।
• नियम 2 — कथन क्रिया वर्तमान/भविष्य (says, will say) हो या कथन सार्वभौमिक सत्य/आदत हो तो काल नहीं बदलता।
• नियम 3 — सर्वनाम: प्रथम पुरुष → कथन क्रिया के कर्ता के अनुसार, मध्यम पुरुष → कथन क्रिया के कर्म के अनुसार, अन्य पुरुष नहीं बदलता।
• नियम 4 — निकटता के शब्द: now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the previous day, here→there, this→that, ago→before।
• नियम 5 — प्रश्न: said to → asked; हाँ/ना प्रश्न → if/whether; wh-प्रश्न → wh-शब्द वही; प्रश्न सामान्य वाक्य बनता है (प्रश्नचिह्न नहीं, कर्ता क्रिया से पहले)।
• नियम 6 — आज्ञा/अनुरोध: said to → ordered/told/requested/advised + कर्म + to + V1; 'Don't' → not to।
• नियम 7 — विस्मयादिबोधक (Hurrah! Alas! What a …!): said → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder that …
• The teacher said, "All men are mortal." → The teacher said that all men are mortal. (universal truth, no change)
• He said to me, "Please give me your book for two days." → He requested me to give him my book for two days.

• Rule 1 — reporting verb past mein (said/said to) ho to tense ek step peeche: is→was, am/are→was/were, has/have→had, did/past→had + V3, will/shall→would, can→could, may→might.
• Rule 2 — reporting verb present/future (says, will say) ho ya baat universal truth/habit ho to tense nahi badalta.
• Rule 3 — pronouns: 1st person → reporting verb ke subject ke hisaab se, 2nd → reporting verb ke object ke hisaab se, 3rd nahi badalta.
• Rule 4 — paas ke words: now→then, today→that day, tomorrow→the next day, yesterday→the previous day, here→there, this→that, ago→before.
• Rule 5 — question: said to → asked; yes/no question → if/whether; wh-question → wh-word wahi; question statement ban jata hai (question mark nahi, subject verb se pehle).
• Rule 6 — command/request: said to → ordered/told/requested/advised + object + to + V1; 'Don't' → not to.
• Rule 7 — exclamation (Hurrah! Alas! What a …!): said → exclaimed with joy/sorrow/wonder that …
• The teacher said, "All men are mortal." → The teacher said that all men are mortal. (universal truth, no change)
• He said to me, "Please give me your book for two days." → He requested me to give him my book for two days.

💡 In a reported question never keep the question order: 'asked where I was going', not 'asked where was I going'.अप्रत्यक्ष प्रश्न में प्रश्न वाला क्रम न रखें: 'asked where I was going', न कि 'asked where was I going'।Indirect question mein question wala order mat rakhiye: 'asked where I was going', 'asked where was I going' nahi.

• Simple sentence (one finite verb): use a participle (-ing / having + V3), an infinitive (to + V1), a preposition + noun/gerund, or a nominative absolute ('The sun having risen, …').
• Compound sentence (two main clauses): join with and, but, or, so, not only … but also, either … or, neither … nor.
• Complex sentence (main + subordinate clause): join with that, who/which, when, because, though/although, if, unless, as soon as.
• He is poor. He is not dishonest. → (complex) Though he is poor, he is not dishonest. → (compound) He is poor but not dishonest.
• The sun rose. The boys went to school. → (simple) The sun having risen, the boys went to school.
• He admitted his error. He expressed his regret. → (simple) Admitting his error, he expressed his regret.
• Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. → (compound) Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
• You must work hard or you will not succeed. → (simple) You must work hard to succeed.
• He is certain of being able to help his friend. → (complex) He is certain that he will be able to help his friend.

• सरल वाक्य (एक समापिका क्रिया): participle (-ing / having + V3), infinitive (to + V1), preposition + noun/gerund, या nominative absolute ('The sun having risen, …') प्रयोग करें।
• संयुक्त वाक्य (दो प्रधान उपवाक्य): and, but, or, so, not only … but also, either … or, neither … nor से जोड़ें।
• मिश्र वाक्य (प्रधान + आश्रित उपवाक्य): that, who/which, when, because, though/although, if, unless, as soon as से जोड़ें।
• He is poor. He is not dishonest. → (complex) Though he is poor, he is not dishonest. → (compound) He is poor but not dishonest.
• The sun rose. The boys went to school. → (simple) The sun having risen, the boys went to school.
• He admitted his error. He expressed his regret. → (simple) Admitting his error, he expressed his regret.
• Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. → (compound) Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
• You must work hard or you will not succeed. → (simple) You must work hard to succeed.
• He is certain of being able to help his friend. → (complex) He is certain that he will be able to help his friend.

• Simple sentence (ek finite verb): participle (-ing / having + V3), infinitive (to + V1), preposition + noun/gerund, ya nominative absolute ('The sun having risen, …') use kijiye.
• Compound sentence (do main clauses): and, but, or, so, not only … but also, either … or, neither … nor se jodiye.
• Complex sentence (main + subordinate clause): that, who/which, when, because, though/although, if, unless, as soon as se jodiye.
• He is poor. He is not dishonest. → (complex) Though he is poor, he is not dishonest. → (compound) He is poor but not dishonest.
• The sun rose. The boys went to school. → (simple) The sun having risen, the boys went to school.
• He admitted his error. He expressed his regret. → (simple) Admitting his error, he expressed his regret.
• Do not be a borrower. Do not be a lender. → (compound) Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
• You must work hard or you will not succeed. → (simple) You must work hard to succeed.
• He is certain of being able to help his friend. → (complex) He is certain that he will be able to help his friend.

• Degree — superlative 'X is the -est' → comparative 'X is -er than any other …' → positive 'No other … is as … as X'.
• 'one of the most …' → comparative 'X is -er than most other …' → positive 'Very few … are as … as X'.
• Assertive ↔ interrogative: positive statement → negative question ('Can their glory ever fade?'); negative statement → positive question.
• Assertive → exclamatory: 'This is a lame excuse.' → 'What a lame excuse this is!'; 'It is very hot.' → 'How hot it is!'.
• 'No sooner … than' → 'As soon as …' (and the reverse); 'too … to' → 'so … that … cannot'; 'not only … but also' for 'besides'.
• Kolkata is the biggest city in India. → (positive) No other city in India is as big as Kolkata.
• Shyam is taller than any other boy in the class. → (superlative) Shyam is the tallest boy in the class.
• No sooner did the train stop than I got down. → As soon as the train stopped, I got down.
• Besides making a promise, you kept it. → (compound) You not only made a promise but also kept it.

• डिग्री — superlative 'X is the -est' → comparative 'X is -er than any other …' → positive 'No other … is as … as X'।
• 'one of the most …' → comparative 'X is -er than most other …' → positive 'Very few … are as … as X'।
• सामान्य ↔ प्रश्नवाचक: सकारात्मक कथन → नकारात्मक प्रश्न ('Can their glory ever fade?'); नकारात्मक कथन → सकारात्मक प्रश्न।
• सामान्य → विस्मयादिबोधक: 'This is a lame excuse.' → 'What a lame excuse this is!'; 'It is very hot.' → 'How hot it is!'।
• 'No sooner … than' → 'As soon as …' (और उलटा); 'too … to' → 'so … that … cannot'; 'besides' के लिए 'not only … but also'।
• Kolkata is the biggest city in India. → (positive) No other city in India is as big as Kolkata.
• Shyam is taller than any other boy in the class. → (superlative) Shyam is the tallest boy in the class.
• No sooner did the train stop than I got down. → As soon as the train stopped, I got down.
• Besides making a promise, you kept it. → (compound) You not only made a promise but also kept it.

• Degree — superlative 'X is the -est' → comparative 'X is -er than any other …' → positive 'No other … is as … as X'.
• 'one of the most …' → comparative 'X is -er than most other …' → positive 'Very few … are as … as X'.
• Assertive ↔ interrogative: positive statement → negative question ('Can their glory ever fade?'); negative statement → positive question.
• Assertive → exclamatory: 'This is a lame excuse.' → 'What a lame excuse this is!'; 'It is very hot.' → 'How hot it is!'.
• 'No sooner … than' → 'As soon as …' (aur ulta); 'too … to' → 'so … that … cannot'; 'besides' ke liye 'not only … but also'.
• Kolkata is the biggest city in India. → (positive) No other city in India is as big as Kolkata.
• Shyam is taller than any other boy in the class. → (superlative) Shyam is the tallest boy in the class.
• No sooner did the train stop than I got down. → As soon as the train stopped, I got down.
• Besides making a promise, you kept it. → (compound) You not only made a promise but also kept it.

• Passive = object becomes subject + right form of 'be' + V3 + by + agent. Tense stays the same.
• Be-forms: present simple am/is/are; past was/were; continuous is being/was being; perfect has been/had been; future will be; modal can be/must be.
• Question in yes/no form: helping verb first: 'Did you see him?' → 'Was he seen by you?'.
• Wh-question: 'What makes you happy?' → 'By what are you made happy?'; 'Who wrote it?' → 'By whom was it written?'.
• Imperative: 'Summon the fire brigade.' → 'Let the fire brigade be summoned.'; negative: 'Let … not be …'.
• Agent like 'by people/someone/them' can be dropped.
• She is writing a letter to her father. → A letter is being written to her father by her.
• Your failure has shocked her. → She has been shocked by your failure.
• Did you not write a letter? → Was a letter not written by you?
• Don't tell him the secret of your family. → Let him not be told the secret of your family.

• कर्मवाच्य = कर्म कर्ता बनता है + 'be' का सही रूप + V3 + by + कर्ता। काल वही रहता है।
• Be-रूप: present simple am/is/are; past was/were; continuous is being/was being; perfect has been/had been; future will be; modal can be/must be।
• हाँ/ना प्रश्न में सहायक क्रिया पहले: 'Did you see him?' → 'Was he seen by you?'।
• Wh-प्रश्न: 'What makes you happy?' → 'By what are you made happy?'; 'Who wrote it?' → 'By whom was it written?'।
• आज्ञार्थक: 'Summon the fire brigade.' → 'Let the fire brigade be summoned.'; नकारात्मक: 'Let … not be …'।
• 'by people/someone/them' जैसा कर्ता हटाया जा सकता है।
• She is writing a letter to her father. → A letter is being written to her father by her.
• Your failure has shocked her. → She has been shocked by your failure.
• Did you not write a letter? → Was a letter not written by you?
• Don't tell him the secret of your family. → Let him not be told the secret of your family.

• Passive = object subject banta hai + 'be' ka sahi form + V3 + by + agent. Tense wahi rehta hai.
• Be-forms: present simple am/is/are; past was/were; continuous is being/was being; perfect has been/had been; future will be; modal can be/must be.
• Yes/no question mein helping verb pehle: 'Did you see him?' → 'Was he seen by you?'.
• Wh-question: 'What makes you happy?' → 'By what are you made happy?'; 'Who wrote it?' → 'By whom was it written?'.
• Imperative: 'Summon the fire brigade.' → 'Let the fire brigade be summoned.'; negative: 'Let … not be …'.
• 'by people/someone/them' jaisa agent hata sakte hain.
• She is writing a letter to her father. → A letter is being written to her father by her.
• Your failure has shocked her. → She has been shocked by your failure.
• Did you not write a letter? → Was a letter not written by you?
• Don't tell him the secret of your family. → Let him not be told the secret of your family.

• Write TWO separate sentences, one for each word, so the difference in meaning is clear. Underline the word.
• rage (anger): He was in a rage. | raze (destroy completely): The old fort was razed to the ground.
• sight (vision): The sight of the sea was lovely. | cite (quote): Cite an example. | site (place): This is a building site.
• birth (being born): Her birth was celebrated. | berth (sleeping seat): I booked a lower berth in the train.
• complement (completes): Good shoes complement a dress. | compliment (praise): She paid me a compliment.
• access (way in): Students have access to the library. | excess (too much): Excess of anything is bad.
• career (profession): He chose a career in teaching. | carrier (one who carries): Mosquitoes are carriers of malaria.
• canvas (strong cloth): He painted on canvas. | canvass (seek votes): Leaders canvass before elections.
• More pairs to know: principal/principle, stationary/stationery, council/counsel, desert/dessert, lose/loose, weather/whether, piece/peace, cereal/serial.

• हर शब्द के लिए अलग वाक्य लिखिए, ताकि अर्थ का अन्तर स्पष्ट हो। शब्द को रेखांकित कीजिए।
• rage (anger): He was in a rage. | raze (destroy completely): The old fort was razed to the ground.
• sight (vision): The sight of the sea was lovely. | cite (quote): Cite an example. | site (place): This is a building site.
• birth (being born): Her birth was celebrated. | berth (sleeping seat): I booked a lower berth in the train.
• complement (completes): Good shoes complement a dress. | compliment (praise): She paid me a compliment.
• access (way in): Students have access to the library. | excess (too much): Excess of anything is bad.
• career (profession): He chose a career in teaching. | carrier (one who carries): Mosquitoes are carriers of malaria.
• canvas (strong cloth): He painted on canvas. | canvass (seek votes): Leaders canvass before elections.
• More pairs to know: principal/principle, stationary/stationery, council/counsel, desert/dessert, lose/loose, weather/whether, piece/peace, cereal/serial.

• Har word ke liye alag sentence likhiye, taaki meaning ka farq clear ho. Word underline kijiye.
• rage (anger): He was in a rage. | raze (destroy completely): The old fort was razed to the ground.
• sight (vision): The sight of the sea was lovely. | cite (quote): Cite an example. | site (place): This is a building site.
• birth (being born): Her birth was celebrated. | berth (sleeping seat): I booked a lower berth in the train.
• complement (completes): Good shoes complement a dress. | compliment (praise): She paid me a compliment.
• access (way in): Students have access to the library. | excess (too much): Excess of anything is bad.
• career (profession): He chose a career in teaching. | carrier (one who carries): Mosquitoes are carriers of malaria.
• canvas (strong cloth): He painted on canvas. | canvass (seek votes): Leaders canvass before elections.
• More pairs to know: principal/principle, stationary/stationery, council/counsel, desert/dessert, lose/loose, weather/whether, piece/peace, cereal/serial.

• Most-asked group: kinds of government. Learn them together.
• Government: by one person — autocracy; by a king — monarchy; by the people's representatives — democracy; by officials — bureaucracy; by the rich — plutocracy; by a few — oligarchy; ruler with unlimited power — autocrat/despot.
• Outlook: one who looks at the bright side — optimist; dark side — pessimist; respects all religions — secular; narrow religious views — bigot/fanatic; gives up his religion — apostate.
• Cannot be: corrected — incorrigible; heard — inaudible; removed (impression) — indelible; approached (leader) — inaccessible; avoided — inevitable; read — illegible.
• Others seen: remedy for all diseases — panacea; foreigner who settles in a country — immigrant; unable to pay debts — insolvent/bankrupt; undue favour to relatives — nepotism; allowance to a separated wife — alimony; unusually intelligent child — prodigy.

• सबसे अधिक पूछा गया समूह: शासन के प्रकार। इन्हें साथ याद करें।
• Government: by one person — autocracy; by a king — monarchy; by the people's representatives — democracy; by officials — bureaucracy; by the rich — plutocracy; by a few — oligarchy; ruler with unlimited power — autocrat/despot.
• Outlook: one who looks at the bright side — optimist; dark side — pessimist; respects all religions — secular; narrow religious views — bigot/fanatic; gives up his religion — apostate.
• Cannot be: corrected — incorrigible; heard — inaudible; removed (impression) — indelible; approached (leader) — inaccessible; avoided — inevitable; read — illegible.
• Others seen: remedy for all diseases — panacea; foreigner who settles in a country — immigrant; unable to pay debts — insolvent/bankrupt; undue favour to relatives — nepotism; allowance to a separated wife — alimony; unusually intelligent child — prodigy.

• Sabse zyada poocha gaya group: government ke types. Inhe saath yaad kijiye.
• Government: by one person — autocracy; by a king — monarchy; by the people's representatives — democracy; by officials — bureaucracy; by the rich — plutocracy; by a few — oligarchy; ruler with unlimited power — autocrat/despot.
• Outlook: one who looks at the bright side — optimist; dark side — pessimist; respects all religions — secular; narrow religious views — bigot/fanatic; gives up his religion — apostate.
• Cannot be: corrected — incorrigible; heard — inaudible; removed (impression) — indelible; approached (leader) — inaccessible; avoided — inevitable; read — illegible.
• Others seen: remedy for all diseases — panacea; foreigner who settles in a country — immigrant; unable to pay debts — insolvent/bankrupt; undue favour to relatives — nepotism; allowance to a separated wife — alimony; unusually intelligent child — prodigy.

• Pick the option with the SAME meaning and the same part of speech.
• illustrious — famous; bane — curse; severe — harsh; diminish — decrease; frank — candid/open; allow — permit; industrious — hardworking
• wail — lament/cry; queer — strange; bold — brave; forbid — prohibit; timid — shy; astonishment — amazement; destiny — fate
• hazard — danger; feeble — weak; destroy — ruin; acute — sharp/severe; laudable — praiseworthy; diligent — hardworking; despise — hate/scorn

• वह विकल्प चुनें जिसका अर्थ और शब्द-भेद समान हो।
• illustrious — famous; bane — curse; severe — harsh; diminish — decrease; frank — candid/open; allow — permit; industrious — hardworking
• wail — lament/cry; queer — strange; bold — brave; forbid — prohibit; timid — shy; astonishment — amazement; destiny — fate
• hazard — danger; feeble — weak; destroy — ruin; acute — sharp/severe; laudable — praiseworthy; diligent — hardworking; despise — hate/scorn

• Wo option chuniye jiska meaning aur part of speech same ho.
• illustrious — famous; bane — curse; severe — harsh; diminish — decrease; frank — candid/open; allow — permit; industrious — hardworking
• wail — lament/cry; queer — strange; bold — brave; forbid — prohibit; timid — shy; astonishment — amazement; destiny — fate
• hazard — danger; feeble — weak; destroy — ruin; acute — sharp/severe; laudable — praiseworthy; diligent — hardworking; despise — hate/scorn

• Watch prefixes: un-, in-, im-, dis-, ir- often make the opposite, but learn the common pairs.
• ancient — modern; better — worse; expedite — delay; ability — inability; rigorous — lenient; gather — scatter; success — failure
• mild — severe/harsh; assent — dissent; cruel — kind; create — destroy; arrival — departure; patriot — traitor; justice — injustice
• savage — civilised; knowledge — ignorance; virtue — vice; stale — fresh; inevitable — avoidable; optimistic — pessimistic; endear — alienate

• उपसर्ग देखें: un-, in-, im-, dis-, ir- से प्रायः विलोम बनता है, पर सामान्य जोड़े याद करें।
• ancient — modern; better — worse; expedite — delay; ability — inability; rigorous — lenient; gather — scatter; success — failure
• mild — severe/harsh; assent — dissent; cruel — kind; create — destroy; arrival — departure; patriot — traitor; justice — injustice
• savage — civilised; knowledge — ignorance; virtue — vice; stale — fresh; inevitable — avoidable; optimistic — pessimistic; endear — alienate

• Prefixes dekhiye: un-, in-, im-, dis-, ir- se aksar opposite banta hai, par common pairs yaad kijiye.
• ancient — modern; better — worse; expedite — delay; ability — inability; rigorous — lenient; gather — scatter; success — failure
• mild — severe/harsh; assent — dissent; cruel — kind; create — destroy; arrival — departure; patriot — traitor; justice — injustice
• savage — civilised; knowledge — ignorance; virtue — vice; stale — fresh; inevitable — avoidable; optimistic — pessimistic; endear — alienate

• Learn the meaning, not the word-for-word sense.
• pick holes in — find faults; a bone of contention — cause of a quarrel; fall flat — fail to have the expected effect; at the drop of a hat — at once, without delay
• in the offing — likely to happen soon; at a snail's pace — very slowly; null and void — having no legal force; to die in harness — die while still working
• all out — with full effort; pull a fast one — trick someone; to hit below the belt — act unfairly; through thick and thin — in good and bad times
• the apple of one's eye — very dear; on the wane — decreasing; at a stretch — continuously; once in a blue moon — very rarely; a white elephant — costly but useless

• शाब्दिक अर्थ नहीं, भावार्थ याद करें।
• pick holes in — find faults; a bone of contention — cause of a quarrel; fall flat — fail to have the expected effect; at the drop of a hat — at once, without delay
• in the offing — likely to happen soon; at a snail's pace — very slowly; null and void — having no legal force; to die in harness — die while still working
• all out — with full effort; pull a fast one — trick someone; to hit below the belt — act unfairly; through thick and thin — in good and bad times
• the apple of one's eye — very dear; on the wane — decreasing; at a stretch — continuously; once in a blue moon — very rarely; a white elephant — costly but useless

• Shabdik meaning nahi, asli meaning yaad kijiye.
• pick holes in — find faults; a bone of contention — cause of a quarrel; fall flat — fail to have the expected effect; at the drop of a hat — at once, without delay
• in the offing — likely to happen soon; at a snail's pace — very slowly; null and void — having no legal force; to die in harness — die while still working
• all out — with full effort; pull a fast one — trick someone; to hit below the belt — act unfairly; through thick and thin — in good and bad times
• the apple of one's eye — very dear; on the wane — decreasing; at a stretch — continuously; once in a blue moon — very rarely; a white elephant — costly but useless

• A verb + preposition/adverb gives a new meaning; learn them in pairs of the same verb.
• set off — start a journey; set in — begin and continue (The rains have set in); set up — establish
• run down — criticise / lose power; run out of — have no more; break out — start suddenly (war, fire, disease); break down — stop working
• carry out — complete, obey (an order); carry on — continue; hold good — remain valid; act upon — act according to
• give up — stop; look after — take care of; put off — postpone; call off — cancel; turn down — refuse; bring up — raise a child

• क्रिया + पूर्वसर्ग/क्रियाविशेषण नया अर्थ देता है; एक ही क्रिया वाले जोड़े साथ याद करें।
• set off — start a journey; set in — begin and continue (The rains have set in); set up — establish
• run down — criticise / lose power; run out of — have no more; break out — start suddenly (war, fire, disease); break down — stop working
• carry out — complete, obey (an order); carry on — continue; hold good — remain valid; act upon — act according to
• give up — stop; look after — take care of; put off — postpone; call off — cancel; turn down — refuse; bring up — raise a child

• Verb + preposition/adverb naya meaning deta hai; ek hi verb wale pairs saath yaad kijiye.
• set off — start a journey; set in — begin and continue (The rains have set in); set up — establish
• run down — criticise / lose power; run out of — have no more; break out — start suddenly (war, fire, disease); break down — stop working
• carry out — complete, obey (an order); carry on — continue; hold good — remain valid; act upon — act according to
• give up — stop; look after — take care of; put off — postpone; call off — cancel; turn down — refuse; bring up — raise a child

• Comes in every paper: a short Hindi passage on a general theme (education, health, the nation, nature, discipline).
• Method: (1) read the whole passage for its idea; (2) for each sentence find the TENSE from the Hindi verb ending; (3) find subject, verb, object; (4) write in English word order: Subject + Verb + Object + place + time.
• Tense clues: '-ta/-ti/-te hai' → present simple; '-raha hai' → present continuous; '-chuka hai / liya hai' → present perfect; '-se … raha hai' with time → present perfect continuous (since/for); '-ta tha' → past habitual (used to / past simple); '-ga/-gi/-ge' → future (will/shall).
• Translate the meaning, not word for word: 'dhyan dena' = pay attention, 'paryavaran ki raksha' = protection of the environment.
• Keep each Hindi sentence as one English sentence, in the same order, with full stops; this helps the examiner give marks sentence by sentence.
• Practice (our own sentences) — see the answer below; cover the English and try first.

• हर प्रश्नपत्र में आता है: किसी सामान्य विषय (शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, राष्ट्र, प्रकृति, अनुशासन) पर छोटा हिन्दी अनुच्छेद।
• विधि: (1) पूरा अनुच्छेद पढ़कर भाव समझें; (2) हर वाक्य की क्रिया के अंत से काल (tense) पहचानें; (3) कर्ता, क्रिया, कर्म पहचानें; (4) अंग्रेज़ी क्रम में लिखें: Subject + Verb + Object + स्थान + समय।
• काल के संकेत: 'ता/ती/ते है' → present simple; 'रहा है' → present continuous; 'चुका है / लिया है' → present perfect; 'से … रहा है' समय के साथ → present perfect continuous (since/for); 'ता था' → past habitual (used to / past simple); 'गा/गी/गे' → future (will/shall)।
• शब्दशः नहीं, भाव का अनुवाद करें: 'ध्यान देना' = pay attention, 'पर्यावरण की रक्षा' = protection of the environment।
• हर हिन्दी वाक्य का एक अंग्रेज़ी वाक्य, उसी क्रम में, पूर्ण विराम सहित; इससे परीक्षक वाक्यवार अंक देता है।
• अभ्यास (हमारे अपने वाक्य) — उत्तर नीचे है; पहले अंग्रेज़ी ढककर स्वयं प्रयास करें।

• Har paper mein aata hai: kisi general topic (education, health, desh, nature, discipline) par chhota Hindi passage.
• Method: (1) poora passage padh ke idea samjhiye; (2) har sentence ke verb ke end se TENSE pehchaniye; (3) subject, verb, object pehchaniye; (4) English order mein likhiye: Subject + Verb + Object + place + time.
• Tense clues: '-ta/-ti/-te hai' → present simple; '-raha hai' → present continuous; '-chuka hai / liya hai' → present perfect; '-se … raha hai' time ke saath → present perfect continuous (since/for); '-ta tha' → past habitual (used to / past simple); '-ga/-gi/-ge' → future (will/shall).
• Word-for-word nahi, meaning translate kijiye: 'dhyan dena' = pay attention, 'paryavaran ki raksha' = protection of the environment.
• Har Hindi sentence ka ek English sentence, usi order mein, full stop ke saath; isse examiner sentence-wise marks deta hai.
• Practice (hamare apne sentences) — answer neeche hai; pehle English dhak kar khud try kijiye.

💡 Use 'since' with a point of time (since morning) and 'for' with a period (for two hours) in perfect continuous sentences.perfect continuous वाक्यों में समय-बिन्दु के साथ 'since' (since morning) और अवधि के साथ 'for' (for two hours)।Perfect continuous sentences mein time-point ke saath 'since' (since morning) aur period ke saath 'for' (for two hours).